The
south-west peninsula of England is well-known for its flooded river estuaries
that provide sheltered moorings for shipping of a reasonable size; at least,
what would have been considered reasonable in past centuries. These estuaries
needed protection from incursions by foreign warships, and there are several
castles that perform this function. The River Dart, in Devon, was guarded by
two castles near its mouth, Kingswear on the eastern shore and Dartmouth on the west.
A succession
of “castles”
What the
visitor to Dartmouth Castle will see is a variety of methods used to defend the
estuary, dating from the 14th century to the 20th. The
first fortification was a “fortalice” or small fortress, the remains of which
are visible next to the car park. We know that, from the 15th
century, chains were stretched across the river to prevent ships from getting
upstream.
However, it
was not until 1481 that the present castle was started. Unusually, it seems to
have been built on the initiative of the townspeople and not of a monarch or
nobleman. This was probably due to a succession of scares occasioned by French
raids on the Devon coast, which were partly in
retaliation for attacks by English ships. There is, however, plenty of evidence
of royal support by successive monarchs for the castle-building effort.
The castle,
which is not particularly large, took a long time to build, and it was 1493
before work began on the roof. There was also a major change of plan in that
the original round tower was supplemented by a rectangular tower and the two
structures merged into one. This gives the castle a most unusual shape.
In the 16th
century, a gun battery was built a short distance from the castle, on the
seaward side. This was altered in 1690 and again in 1747, but then a new
battery was built on the site in 1861, this being known today, somewhat
confusingly, as the Old Battery. The site was last fortified in 1940.
A site for
artillery
When visiting
the Castle and the Old Battery, it is important to bear in mind that the whole
site was designed to be used by artillery. When the 15th century
castle was being built, it was the first such in England , although the coastal forts
built by Henry VIII in the next century took the idea forward and introduced
many important refinements.
The visitor’s
tour starts at the Old Battery, where you can see the two-tier battery and look
out at the area of sea that it would have defended. On the upper tier is one of
the original cast iron 64-pounder guns (issued to Dartmouth in the 1890s, but actually somewhat
older than that), mounted on a modern replica carriage.
On the lower
tier are three “casemates” or fortified compartments, “armed” with another 64-pounder
gun from the 1890s and two 24-pounders from the late 18th century. You
can also see much of the equipment that would have been used for firing the
guns, as well as the magazines used for storing shells and cartridges, these
having wooden floors to avoid the danger of sparks. Note how the guns could be
swung round to provide fire across a wide arc.
When you walk
along the short cliff path to the Old
Castle (also passing St
Petrox Church which is right next to the castle) you move back through the
centuries. You can see where the building of the round tower stopped, and then
re-started with different materials after the square tower had reached the same
height.
The Old
Castle
The castle is
on three floors, and you enter at the ground floor level. Here you can see
openings in the walls for the use of various sizes of gun, and the large
opening in the round tower that was probably the porthole for the chain that
was slung across the river to Kingswear
Castle on the other side.
In the
basement you can see further sites for gun emplacements. Alterations were made
in the 16th century to lower the floor and raise the ceiling, but
before then this must have been a very cramped area in which to work, and
extremely noisy and uncomfortable when the guns were fired.
The first
floor was the main living area, now open but formerly divided into two barrack
rooms and what was probably the quarters of the castle governor.
From the
ground floor you can walk out on to the adjoining open-air gun platforms, to
the north and the south. The northern platform would have offered firepower
over the river upstream of the castle, should any enemy ship have been able to
get that far. These platforms are currently “armed” with cast-iron cannons from
the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.
The town of
Dartmouth
While
visiting Dartmouth Castle, you might also like to explore the delightful
riverside town of Dartmouth, which is home to the Royal Naval College. A walk
along the wooded banks of the river, or a boat trip along or across the Dart,
is a very pleasant way to pass the time.
It was at
Dartmouth that the Pilgrim Fathers put in for repairs on their way from
Southampton to the New World in 1620.
© John
Welford
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