People have
written whole books on the Yorkshire Dales, so a short summary cannot hope to
do them justice. Perhaps it is best just to give a short account of what the
Dales are, then outline some of the main reasons why so many people make this
area their destination.
The Yorkshire
Dales comprises an area of around 680 square miles in North Yorkshire, forming
part of the Pennine
Range of high limestone
hills (often capped by millstone grit). Drainage of the area is mostly west to
east and south-east, forming long parallel valleys that are the Dales
themselves. There are a number of tributary valleys, such that there are around
twenty named dales, each of which has its own charms and attractions. The area
was designated as a National Park in 1954, which means that the area will for
ever remain unspoiled by industry or excessive tourism or housing development.
The Dales
The main
dales, such as Wensleydale and Wharfedale, are broad, flat-bottomed valleys
with a river running through that gathers tributary streams from the
surrounding hills. These streams often cascade over waterfalls that are clearly
at their best after a period of heavy rain; but this is England, so you won’t have to wait
long!
The valley
floors and lower slopes are working farms, mostly given to rearing sheep and
cattle in traditional ways. The fields are divided by dry stone walls, and many
fields contain stone-built byres that are used for storage of winter feed. Some
fields are used for pasture and others are meadows on which grass is grown for
hay and silage. During the spring and early summer these meadows are brightly
coloured with a wealth of wild flowers, that in turn attract many species of
insect, especially butterflies.
The hills
The valley
sides rise steeply with meadows and pastures giving way to open moorland on the
upper slopes and level plateaux that separate the dales. The geology of the
area, with millstone grit overlying the limestone, has given rise to
characteristic “caps” on many of the hills. None of these count as peaks or
mountains, but there is a stern test for walkers on some of the higher hills,
such as Pen-y-Ghent or Whernside. These hills are very popular with hang
gliders, who can stay airborne for hours as they soar on the thermals rising up
from the valleys.
Malham Cove
and Tarn, to the south of the National Park,
is a spectacular example of upland limestone scenery, including a 300-foot
limestone cliff and a large limestone pavement formed from centuries of water
seeping through the rock. Nearby Gordale Scar is every bit as impressive.
Caves
Karst
limestone is ideally suited to the formation of cave systems, created when
water opens cracks in the rock and then dissolves it over many centuries. You
can see places where streams have disappeared underground, only to reappear
further down the hillside, possibly giving rise to cave systems. Some of these
caves are safe for the general public to visit.
White Scar
Caves, near Ingleton, features the
longest show cave in England,
with massive caverns, a thundering waterfall, and wonderful stalactites.
You can also
visit Ingleborough
Cave and see the entrance
to Gaping Gill, although the latter is for cavers only, as are many other
extensive systems in the southern part of the National Park.
For walkers
Two major long-distance
paths cross the National Park. The Pennine
Way goes south-north, connecting Malham,
Pen-y-Ghent, Hawes (at the head of Wensleydale) and the head of Swaledale
before heading towards Teesdale and the Cheviot Hills.
The Coast-to-Coast path goes west-east, including Swaledale on its route.
Another challenging trek is the 25-mile Three Peaks Walk that links
Pen-y-Ghent, Whernside and Ingleborough.
However,
there are many shorter walks you can take that will show you the quieter parts
of the Dales and give you as much or as little exercise as you want. Just take
a map (and a camera!) and wear sensible clothing and shoes.
Railways
The main
attraction for railway buffs is the Settle and Carlisle Railway, the most
scenic line on the British Rail network. This runs from south to north across
the western part of the Dales. Not only are the views from the train stunning,
but so is the architecture of the line itself. Its most spectacular feature
must be the 24-arch Ribblehead viaduct.
The line that
once ran the length of Wensleydale is gradually being restored under private
ownership, and it is now possible to travel along 17 miles of the line from
Leeming Bar through Leyburn as far as Redmire. In time, it is hoped to re-connect
the line to the Settle and Carlisle Railway at Garsdale.
At the
southern end of the National Park, the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway
runs for four miles, nearly connecting Skipton with Wharfedale. As with the
Wenselydale Railway there are hopes of extending the line.
For nature
lovers
The Yorkshire
Dales are home to many species of plants, animals, insects and birds that are
hard to find elsewhere. Without listing them all, notable examples of each
include the wood cranes-bill, the red squirrel, the northern brown argus butterfly,
and the goshawk. The varied habitats of moorland, meadow, river, woodland and
bare limestone crag all have their own micro-environment and wildlife.
Towns and villages
There are not
many towns of any size in the Dales, but each one has attractions of its own.
Hawes is notable for its cheese factory, where you can see Wensleydale cheese
being produced. Richmond,
at the foot of Swaledale, has a magnificent castle. Masham is worth a visit for
its two breweries. Skipton has a well-preserved castle and a street market four
days a week.
There are
tiny villages everywhere you go in the Dales, many of them just comprising a
few farms and cottages, but there are small shops and pubs in a number of them.
One remarkable village is Dent, to the west of the Dales, in which the narrow
streets are cobbled and nobody rushes anywhere. It is hard to believe that you
are in the 21st century when you walk past the cottages or through
the churchyard, looking out to the hills beyond.
Historic
buildings
As well as the
castles at Skipton and Richmond,
mentioned above, places to visit include Bolton Priory, which can be reached
via the Embsay Railway and a short walk. This is partly intact and partly in
ruins, the intact part comprising the parish church. A short walk takes you to
The Strid, a whitewater section of the River Wharfe.
Bolton Castle has nothing to do with Bolton Priory,
and is in fact in Wensleydale, near Aysgarth (which is itself worth visiting
for its magnificent three-part waterfalls). Bolton Castle,
which has been partially restored, is a 14th century building that
was once the prison of Mary Queen of Scots.
Middleham Castle,
near Leyburn, was originally built by the Normans
and was the home of Richard, Duke of York before he became King Richard III. Middleham
is also the home of several horseracing stables.
Not far from
Middleham are the ruins of Jervaulz Abbey, a 12th century Cistercian
foundation.
A building of
more recent vintage is the recently restored Gayle Mill, near Hawes. This uses
water power to drive woodworking machinery, having had several other uses over
the centuries.
And finally …
This has had to
be a brief, potted guide to the Yorkshire Dales, that can do no more than whet
the appetite. Access to the Dales is reasonably easy, although the roads are
often narrow and twisty. As mentioned above, rail access is limited.
Accommodation in the Dales towns and villages is also limited, and you will not
find any large caravan parks, although there are several discreet camp sites.
However, the Dales are within day-trip reach of many larger cities in the
region.
For further
information, try looking at the website of the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
© John
Welford
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